IPS governance is carried out by fiduciaries who must act with the care, skill, and prudence of a prudent expert, typically exercised by the plan sponsor or an investment committee. Plan participants may be kept informed and may have input, but they do not usually carry out the governance duties themselves. An independent auditor provides critical assurance and reviews processes, but is not a routine part of executing governance duties. Because not all three roles are typically involved in the governance duties, the statement that all of the above are true is not accurate, making that option the one that does not fit.

Choosing prudent experts hinges on applying a documented, systematic due diligence process. Prudent experts are specialists whose qualifications, experience, and performance directly affect the quality of investment decisions and risk management. A fiduciary must objectively identify the expertise needed, evaluate candidates against clear criteria (credentials, track record, independence, compensation), check references, and gather enough information to make an informed, well-supported choice. This approach isn’t a one-off gesture; it’s ongoing—with monitoring and periodic reassessment to ensure continued suitability and performance. That disciplined, thorough process protects the fiduciary duty to act with care, skill, and prudence. Random assignment fails to ensure qualifications, brand name does not guarantee competence, and letting participants choose undermines impartiality and fiduciary responsibility, so none of those fit for selecting prudent experts.

The plan fiduciary has the duty to monitor the activities of prudent experts. Under ERISA, fiduciaries must act with prudence, which includes ongoing oversight of the plan’s service providers and decision-makers. This means regularly reviewing what the prudent expert does, evaluating performance and advice against the plan’s goals, and taking corrective action or replacing the provider if their work isn’t protecting participants’ interests or is not financially prudent. The responsibility sits with the fiduciary because they are the ones legally obligated to ensure the plan’s investments are managed in the participants’ best interests; they can’t rely on others to bear that burden alone. The prudent expert isn’t monitoring themselves, plan participants don’t bear fiduciary oversight duties, and independent auditors audit financial records and controls rather than serve as the ongoing monitor of a plan’s providers.

Safe harbors in fiduciary practice are voluntary options that, when followed with the required procedures and documentation, can provide liability protection for the fiduciary in the areas they cover. They aren’t things you must obtain legal approval to use, and they aren’t tied to a single, fixed enactment date—they’ve developed over time. Because of this, the defining and universal trait across all available safe harbors is that using them is a voluntary choice.

Under fi360, fiduciary duties center on acting in the client’s best interests through disciplined, goals‑driven asset management. This means choosing investments and constructing a strategy that fits the client’s objectives, risk tolerance, and time horizon, while balancing risk and return and considering costs, taxes, and diversification. It also involves ongoing monitoring, prudent decision‑making, and addressing conflicts of interest with documentation and care. The option that describes managing assets and balancing risk and return according to the client’s goals best reflects this approach, because it explicitly ties asset management to the client’s individual aims and acceptable level of risk, which is at the heart of fiduciary responsibility. Chasing the highest return at any cost would violate fiduciary duties by ignoring risk, costs, and the client’s actual objectives. Advising only on stocks ignores the broader need for diversification and appropriate asset allocation. Providing general financial education without managing assets fails to deliver prudent, client‑specific guidance that fiduciaries are expected to provide.