Questions refer to the passage below. “In Mesopotamia, the flood was the enemy. The Mesopotamian deities who ruled the waters, Nin-Gursu and Tiamat, were feared. The forces of nature were often evil. Life was a struggle. In Egypt, on the other hand, life was viewed as a cooperation with nature. Even the Egyptian god of the flood, Hapi, was a helpful deity, who provided the people’s daily bread. Egyptian priests and priestesses were much more at ease with their world than were their Mesopotamia counterparts. And, partly because of their different experiences with the rivers, the Mesopotamians developed a civilization based on cities, while the Egyptians did not. From the first Sumerian city-states on the lower Euphrates to the later northern Mesopotamian capital of Babylon, civilization was the product and expression of city life. Egyptian civilization, in contrast, was the creation of the pharaoh’s court rather than of cities. Beyond the court, which was moved from one location to another, Egypt remained a country of peasant villages.” Kevin Reilly, world historian, The West and the World: A History of Civilization, 1989 The passage best illustrates which of the following processes in the period before 600 B.C.E.?

Questions refer to the passage below. 195. Anyone assaulting his father shall suffer the loss of his hands. 196. Anyone destroying the eye of another shall suffer the loss of an eye as punishment therefor. 197. If anyone fractures the bones of another, the guilty one, upon conviction, shall have his bones fractured in punishment therefor. 198. If anyone destroys the eye of a freedman or fractures the bones of a freedman, he, upon conviction thereof, is to pay 1 mina of silver. 199. If anyone destroys the eye or fractures the bones of anyone’s slave, he, upon conviction thereof, is to pay half of his value [to the owner of the slave]. 200. If anyone knocks out the teeth of one, his equal [in rank], his teeth are to be knocked out, upon conviction of the offence. 201. If he has knocked out the teeth of a freedman, he is to pay one-third of a mina of silver. 202. If anyone commits assault and battery upon the person of another one of higher rank than himself, he is publicly to receive 60 lashes with the oxhide [upon conviction of the offence].” Hammurabi’s Code, Babylonian legal code, 18th century B.C.E. The consequences imposed by Hammurabi’s Code most strongly illustrates which of the following about Babylonian society?

Questions refer to the passage below. 195. Anyone assaulting his father shall suffer the loss of his hands. 196. Anyone destroying the eye of another shall suffer the loss of an eye as punishment therefor. 197. If anyone fractures the bones of another, the guilty one, upon conviction, shall have his bones fractured in punishment therefor. 198. If anyone destroys the eye of a freedman or fractures the bones of a freedman, he, upon conviction thereof, is to pay 1 mina of silver. 199. If anyone destroys the eye or fractures the bones of anyone’s slave, he, upon conviction thereof, is to pay half of his value [to the owner of the slave]. 200. If anyone knocks out the teeth of one, his equal [in rank], his teeth are to be knocked out, upon conviction of the offence. 201. If he has knocked out the teeth of a freedman, he is to pay one-third of a mina of silver. 202. If anyone commits assault and battery upon the person of another one of higher rank than himself, he is publicly to receive 60 lashes with the oxhide [upon conviction of the offence].” Hammurabi’s Code, Babylonian legal code, 18th century B.C.E. A historian would most likely use this passage to illustrate which of the following?

Questions refer to the passage below. 195. Anyone assaulting his father shall suffer the loss of his hands. 196. Anyone destroying the eye of another shall suffer the loss of an eye as punishment therefor. 197. If anyone fractures the bones of another, the guilty one, upon conviction, shall have his bones fractured in punishment therefor. 198. If anyone destroys the eye of a freedman or fractures the bones of a freedman, he, upon conviction thereof, is to pay 1 mina of silver. 199. If anyone destroys the eye or fractures the bones of anyone’s slave, he, upon conviction thereof, is to pay half of his value [to the owner of the slave]. 200. If anyone knocks out the teeth of one, his equal [in rank], his teeth are to be knocked out, upon conviction of the offence. 201. If he has knocked out the teeth of a freedman, he is to pay one-third of a mina of silver. 202. If anyone commits assault and battery upon the person of another one of higher rank than himself, he is publicly to receive 60 lashes with the oxhide [upon conviction of the offence].” Hammurabi’s Code, Babylonian legal code, 18th century B.C.E. In addition to establishing systems of rules as demonstrated in the passage, most rulers of early civilization used which of the following as a source of political legitimacy?

Questions are based on the following two images. The carving in Image 1 best illustrates which of the following continuities in world history?